Pope Leo has problems with Illyricum. In the East, the sees of Constantinople, Alexandria, and Antioch find themselves under new management – but the conflict over the theology of Christ continues.
Links:
Icon of Pope Dioscorus of Alexandria.
Letter of Leo to Anastasius
Letter of Leo to Eutyches
Theodoret of Cyrus’ Eranistes
Alleged letter of Theodoret of Cyrus on the death of Cyril of Alexandria
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#450 – A History of the Catholic Church – Changing of the Guard
Pope Leo finds that the collapse of the Western Roman Empire makes it more difficult for him to assert his authority in Gaul, Hispaniae and Northern Africa. Yet, the support of Emperor Valentinian III provides a strong boost to Leo in those lands still under imperial control.
Links:
Icon of Leo the Great. Photo by Wlbw68
Letter of Pope Leo on the conflict with Hilary of Arles
Letter of Pope Leo to Bishop Turibus on the Priscillians
Valentinian III’s decree endorsing papal authority
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#449 – A History of the Catholic Church – The Challenge of the Papacy
Pope Leo the Great seeks to exercise his authority over the Church of Italy to ensure right practice and right doctrine – particularly in struggles against resurgent Manicheanism and Pelagianism.
Links:
Icon of Leo the Great.
Leo on prohibiting episcopal ordination to slaves on serfs
Leo the the bishops of Sicily on baptism
Leo on the Manicheans
Leo on the Pelagians
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#448 – A History of the Catholic Church – Plenitutudo Potestatis
In the West, Carthage falls under the Vandals and Pope Sixtus III tries to hold onto control of his territory. In the East, the conflict between Alexandria and Antioch heats up again as Cyril and his allies turn against the memory of Theodore of Mopsuestia and Diodore of Tarsus. Armenia moves toward Cyrillian theology and John Chrysostom returns home.
Links:
Icon of Proclus of Constantinople.
Cyril of Alexandria’s Against Diodore and Theodore
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#447 – A History of the Catholic Church – The Tome of Proclus
The Christian Church struggles in North Africa as it finds itself facing a resurgent Vandal Arianism. In Ireland, the mission of Palladius seeks to shore up the faith against paganism and Pelagianism.
Links:
Image of Irish Pillar Stone. Photo taken by Jibi44
The Rediscovery of Irish Christianity
Ó Cróinín (2000). “Who was Palladius ‘First Bishop of the Irish’?”. Peritia. 14: 205–37.
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#446 – A History of the Catholic Church – The Bishop of Ireland
Emperor Theodosius II works extensively to promote union between John of Antioch and Cyril of Alexandria. While an agreement is made over the Formula of Union, not everyone is equally satisfied. What Theodosius can’t get through persuasion, he strives to get through force.
Links:
Image of Condemnation of Nestorius. Photo taken by Bignick28
Formula of Union
Cyril’s letter on union with John
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#445 – A History of the Catholic Church – Formula of Union
As supporters of Cyril of Alexandria and John of Antioch try to sway the emperor and the Roman public to their respective sides, the bishops of Cyril’s synod in Ephesus continue to make decisions about the future of the Church. However, it is increasingly looking like that future will involve a divided Church.
Links:
Mosaic of Council of Ephesus. Photo taken by Palamède
Canons of the Council of Ephesus
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#444 – A History of the Catholic Church – Canons and Deliberations
Emperor Theodosius’ plans for a peaceful discussion of theology fall apart as rival councils gather in Ephesus and level excommunications against each other. Cyril get what he wants against Nestorius, but at great cost.
Links:
Painting of Third Ecumenical Council by V. Surikov
Map of Ephesus – Church of Mary where Council of Ephesus took place is at #11
Ruins of Ephesus
Judgement against Nestorius
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#443 – A History of the Catholic Church – Cyril Triumphant
Emperor Theodosius II decides to call a council in the city of Ephesus in the hopes of making peace between Cyril of Alexandria and Nestorius of Constantinople. Sides are chosen and lines are drawn for the upcoming struggle for the faith.
Links:
Icon of Cyril of Alexandria and the Mother of God.
Pope Celestine I’s letter to the synod of Ephesus
Documents related to the history of the Council of Ephesus
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#442 – A History of the Catholic Church – Preparation for Ephesus
Nestorius finds himself condemned by synods in Rome and Alexandria, but just as things seem to be going Cyril’s way – his Twelve Anathemas drive a huge wedge into the Eastern Church
Links:
Painting of Cyril of Alexandria and the Mother of God. Photo taken by José Goncalves.
Pope Cyril of Alexandria’s Third Letter to Nestorius and the Twelve Anathemas
Pope Celestine of Rome’s letter to Nestorius
Bishop Theodoret of Cyrus’ responses to Cyril’s Anathemas
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#441 – A History of the Catholic Church – Twelve Anathemas
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