Emperor Theodosius II works extensively to promote union between John of Antioch and Cyril of Alexandria. While an agreement is made over the Formula of Union, not everyone is equally satisfied. What Theodosius can’t get through persuasion, he strives to get through force.
Links:
Image of Condemnation of Nestorius. Photo taken by Bignick28
Formula of Union
Cyril’s letter on union with John
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#445 – A History of the Catholic Church – Formula of Union
As supporters of Cyril of Alexandria and John of Antioch try to sway the emperor and the Roman public to their respective sides, the bishops of Cyril’s synod in Ephesus continue to make decisions about the future of the Church. However, it is increasingly looking like that future will involve a divided Church.
Links:
Mosaic of Council of Ephesus. Photo taken by Palamède
Canons of the Council of Ephesus
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#444 – A History of the Catholic Church – Canons and Deliberations
Emperor Theodosius’ plans for a peaceful discussion of theology fall apart as rival councils gather in Ephesus and level excommunications against each other. Cyril get what he wants against Nestorius, but at great cost.
Links:
Painting of Third Ecumenical Council by V. Surikov
Map of Ephesus – Church of Mary where Council of Ephesus took place is at #11
Ruins of Ephesus
Judgement against Nestorius
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#443 – A History of the Catholic Church – Cyril Triumphant
Emperor Theodosius II decides to call a council in the city of Ephesus in the hopes of making peace between Cyril of Alexandria and Nestorius of Constantinople. Sides are chosen and lines are drawn for the upcoming struggle for the faith.
Links:
Icon of Cyril of Alexandria and the Mother of God.
Pope Celestine I’s letter to the synod of Ephesus
Documents related to the history of the Council of Ephesus
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#442 – A History of the Catholic Church – Preparation for Ephesus
Nestorius finds himself condemned by synods in Rome and Alexandria, but just as things seem to be going Cyril’s way – his Twelve Anathemas drive a huge wedge into the Eastern Church
Links:
Painting of Cyril of Alexandria and the Mother of God. Photo taken by José Goncalves.
Pope Cyril of Alexandria’s Third Letter to Nestorius and the Twelve Anathemas
Pope Celestine of Rome’s letter to Nestorius
Bishop Theodoret of Cyrus’ responses to Cyril’s Anathemas
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#441 – A History of the Catholic Church – Twelve Anathemas
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