Today in Catholic History – The Execution of Jan Hus

On 6 June 1415, Jan Hus was burned at the stake after being condemned for heresy by the Council of Constance.

The attendees at the Council of Constance had asked Hus to travel to the Council to explain his beliefs and promised him safe conduct. However, after he arrived the Council imprisoned him – defending their actions by claiming that one was not obligated to keep promises to heretics. For seventy three days, Hus was imprisoned in poor conditions before being tried for heresy on 5 June 1415.

For his part, Hus promised to recant any of his beliefs if it could be shown from the Bible that they were erroneous. However, the Council would condemn him for heresy for his sympathy to the ideas of John Wycliffe, his opposition to the selling of indulgences, and his opposition to the power of the papacy. Hus refused to recant his beliefs on the grounds that to do so would be in violation of his conscience and so he was sentenced to death. His last words before his death were said to be, “God is my witness that the things charged against me I never preached. In the same truth of the Gospel which I have written, taught, and preached, drawing upon the sayings and positions of the holy doctors, I am ready to die today.”

In 1999, Pope John Paul II expressed “deep regret for the cruel death inflicted” on Hus. Indeed Pope John Paul II said, “Hus is a memorable figure for many reasons. But it is particularly his moral courage in the face of adversity and death that has made him a figure of special significance to the Czech people, who have themselves suffered much through the centuries.”

Today in Catholic History – The Baptism of Chitomachon

On the 5th of July, 1640, having been sufficiently instructed in the mysteries of faith, he [the Tayac or Emperor Chitomachon] received the Sacramental waters with solemnity in a little chapel, which for that ceremony and for divine worship he had erected in Indian fashion out of the bark of trees.

These are the words of Fr. Thomas Hughes, S.J. describing the baptism of Chief [Tayac] Chitomachon [Kittamaquund] of the Piscataway and his wife by Fr. Andrew White, S.J. Also present was the governor of the Province of Maryland, Leonard Calvert.

Chitomachon began receiving catechism after being cured of an illness with the aid of medicine provided by Fr. Andrew.

After baptism, Chitomachon received the Christian name of Charles and his wife that of Mary. Chitomachon and his wife also received the Sacrament of Marriage on this same day, a Cross was erected to memorialize the event and a Litany to the Blessed Mother was said. The chapel in which Chitomachon was baptized was the first chapel in Prince George’s County, Maryland.

Chitomachon would die shortly after his baptism in 1641, but other Piscataway would later also accept Christianity from Fr. White.

Today in Catholic History – Opening of Saint Mary-of-the-Woods College

On 4 July 1841, the first student arrived for enrollment at The Academy, now known as Saint Mary of the Woods College in Indiana. Saint Mary’s is the oldest Catholic college for women in the United States.

Bishop Simon Bruté of Vincennes, Indiana invited Saint Mother Theodore Guerin to establish a school for young women because Mother Guerin was known for the quality of her teaching in 1839. Mother Guérin and other Sisters of Providence arrived in 1840 to begin work on the establishment of The Academy despite facing severe anti-Catholic prejudice. For example, Jesuits in Philadelphia advised the Sisters to wear secular clothing as a means of avoiding hostility. This anti-Catholicism caused severe problems for the school as Mother Guérin wrote:

I have just discovered that there is a conspiracy in Terre Haute to destroy our institution. The persons responsible for this had begun by prejudicing against us the families whose children were here last year. Only one pupil returned this fall, and she, it seems, had no other home.

Despite this and the problem of the harsh Indiana winter, Mother Guérin and the Sisters persevered and today provides a Catholic education to 1,700 men and women.

Today in Catholic History – The Second Council of Orange

On 3 July 529, the Second Council of Orange [France] met under the leadership of Saint Caesarius of Arles.

The Council was primarily concerned with the issue of grace and free will. The heresy of Pelagianism, that we could act morally and attain salvation without the aid of divine grace, had been condemned at the Council of Carthage in 418. The orthodox position upheld at the Council of Carthage was that of Saint Augustine who argued that it was impossible for us to act morally without the aid of divine grace.

The Second Council of Orange met to further look at the Church’s understanding of grace and free will in light of the decisions at the Council of Carthage and whether the position of the Church was something between the view that salvation as being entirely the result of divine grace without any human participation [strict predestinationism] and the view that salvation was entirely the result our own choice [Pelagianism]. Of particular significance was whether the decision to accept Christ and become a Christian could be made without the aid of divine grace [what will later be known as Semi-Pelagianism] or whether even our very decision to accept the faith itself was the result of divine grace.

Again the writings of Saint Augustine would be very influential as were the writings of Saint Prosper of Aquitaine. Pope Felix IV also sent a “Capitula” or list of points on the issue to the Council which would help guide its final decisions.

At its conclusion, the Second Council of Orange reiterated the Catholic Church’s teaching that as a result of Original Sin, it is impossible for us to act morally without the aid of divine grace; that divine grace precedes every act related to our salvation from the very decision to become Christian to the decision to undertake a good work. However, the Council also stated that all Christians are capable of achieving salvation and no one is predestined to hell. Original Sin weakens human free will and our capacity to chose to do the good but does not eliminate it entirely. Divine grace is necessary to overcome the effect of original sin upon human freedom so that we are again able to chose to do the good.

The decisions of the Second Council of Orange were approved by Pope Boniface II on 25 January, 531.

This also do we believe, in accordance with the Catholic faith, that after grace received through baptism, all the baptized are able and ought, with the aid and co-operation of Christ, to fulfill all duties needful for salvation, provided they are willing to labor faithfully. But that some men have been predestined to evil by divine power, we not only do not believe, but if there be those who are willing to believe so evil a thing, we say to them with all abhorrence anathema. This also do we profess and believe to our soul’s health, that in every good work, it is not we who begin, and are afterward assisted by Divine mercy, but that God Himself, with no preceding merits on our part, first inspires within us faith and love.


Decisions of the Second Council of Orange

Dave Armstrong has a good post on the comparison of the theology of the Second Council of Orange and Calvinism

Today in Catholic History – Pope Sixtus V and the Holy Name of Jesus

On 2 July 1587, in order to increase devotion to the Holy Name of Jesus, Pope Sixtus V granted an indulgence of fifty days to any who would greet one another with the words “Praise be to Jesus Christ” and the answer “Forever. Amen”. In Latin, this would be “Laudetur Jesus Christus” “In saecula. Amen“. In German, this would be “Gelobt sei Jesus Christus” “In Ewigkeit“. The indulgence also served to strengthen Catholic spirituality as part of the Catholic Counter-Reformation.

In 1728, Pope Benedict XIII would increase the indulgence to one hundred days. While this was again designed to increase the devotion of the Holy Name of Jesus, the greeting would also become commonly among Catholics in German speaking Europe not only as the regular method of greeting but also of identifying Protestants. For Protestant Germans, to use the greeting would mean recognizing the authority of the pope; on the other hand, to refuse to use the greeting ran the risk of being denounced to the local authorities. Indeed, the recorded responses of Protestant Germans to being greeted with the words Geolobt sei Jesus Christus ran the gamut from strict silence to the extremely vulgar.

Today in Catholic History – The First Issue of L’Osservatore Romano is Published

On 1 July 1861, the first issue of L’Osservatore Romano or The Roman Observatory, the semi-official newspaper of the Holy See, was published.

The purpose of the paper was to support the power of the papacy in the face of threats to its temporal and spiritual authority. Indeed the name of the paper came from a pamphlet published by a traditionalist French Catholic group, though the Vatican initially wanted to call the paper L’ amico della verita or The Friend of Truth.

The stated aims of the paper were:
1 – to reveal and to refute the calumnies unleashed against Rome and the Roman Pontificate;
2 – to make known the most remarkable daily events occurring in Rome and elsewhere;
3 – to recall the firm principles of the Catholic religion and those of justice and the law, as the stable foundations of any kind of social existence;
4 – to educate on duties to the nation;
5 – to inspire and promote the veneration of the august Sovereign and Pontiff;
6 – to collect and illustrate all that deserves public attention in the arts, literature and sciences, and especially inventions and relative applications of achievements in the Pontifical States

The paper was deeply hostile to the movement of Italian unification being led by Piedmont-Sardinia and even after the armies of the Kingdom of Italy captured Rome in 1870, L’Osservatore Romano promised to remain faithful “to that unchangeable principle of religion and morals which recognizes as its sole depository and claimant the Vicar of Jesus Christ on earth”.

Today, L’Osservatore Romano continues to present the news about and views of the Holy See to the wider world.

More on the history of the paper

Today in Catholic History – Pope Paul VI issues the Credo of the People of God

On 30 June 1968, Pope Paul VI ended the “Year of Faith” with the moto proprio Solemni Hac Liturgia containing the Credo of the People of God.

The Credo is an expansion of the Nicene Creed recited during the liturgy. The expansions contained within were greatly based upon the influence of French theologian and philosopher Jacques Maritain. As Solemni Hac Liturgiasays, the Credo “repeats in substance, with some developments called for by the spiritual condition of our time, the creed of Nicea, the creed of the immortal tradition of the holy Church of God.”

Maritain had suggested that Paul VI conclude the Year of Faith with a “complete and detailed profession of faith, in which everything that is really contained in the Symbol of Nicea would be presented explicitly. This will be, in the history of the Church, the profession of faith of Paul VI.”

Maritain also suggested this profession in response to the publication of the Nieuwe Katechismus [New Catechism] with the approval of the Dutch bishops a year before that had greatly disturbed him as well as the pope himself. A commission instituted by Paul VI to evaluate the Dutch Catechism accused it of “substituting one orthodoxy for another in the Church, a modern orthodoxy for the traditional orthodoxy”. Among the many criticisms of the catechism were that it asserted that there were not universal moral laws which were binding upon all people and that it denied the physical and spiritual reality of the Virgin Birth.

On this day which is chosen to close the Year of Faith, on this feast of the blessed apostles Peter and Paul, we have wished to offer to the living God the homage of a profession of faith. And as once at Caesarea Philippi the apostle Peter spoke on behalf of the twelve to make a true confession, beyond human opinions, of Christ as Son of the living God, so today his humble successor, pastor of the Universal Church, raises his voice to give, on behalf of all the People of God, a firm witness to the divine Truth entrusted to the Church to be announced to all nations.

Solemni Hac Liturgia

Today in Catholic History – Pope Pius XII issues Mystici Corporis Christi

On 29 June 1943, Pope Pius XII issued his encyclical Mystici Corporis Christi which presented the teaching of the Catholic Church as the Mystical Body of Christ.

In this encyclical, Pius XII asserts that complete participation in the Church and in the Body of Christ belongs to those who are in communion with the visible representantive of Christ, the Pope. These faithful are brought into union with Christ through the Eucharist, a union which is marked by the faithful working toward perfection and Christ working in the faithful. The Church is the Mystical Body of Christ because the union with Christ is not a purely physical or spiritual union, rather it is a supernatural union. The Mystical Body of Christ is truly visible on Earth as it is at the same time truly united with Christ in heaven.

The encyclical stresses the responsibilities of all the faithful – both lay and religious – to work toward the perfection of the Body of Christ. So, as a result of this encyclical, many new associations of lay faithful were formed.

The Mother of God also plays an important role in the nature of the Body of Christ as a mystical union of the faithful as she who is the Mother of the Son is also the Mother of all those who belong to the Son. Having been assumed into heaven, she now intercedes for all her children.

And if at times there appears in the Church something that indicates the weakness of our human nature, it should not be attributed to her juridical constitution, but rather to that regrettable inclination to evil found in each individual, which its Divine Founder permits even at times in the most exalted members of His Mystical Body, for the purpose of testing the virtue of the Shepherds no less than of the flocks, and that all may increase the merit of their Christian faith. For, as We said above, Christ did not wish to exclude sinners from His Church; hence if some of her members are suffering from spiritual maladies, that is no reason why we should lessen our love for the Church, but rather a reason why we should increase our devotion to her members. Certainly the loving Mother is spotless in the Sacraments by which she gives birth to and nourishes her children; in the faith which she has always preserved inviolate; in her sacred laws imposed on all; in the evangelical counsels which she recommends; in those heavenly gifts and extraordinary grace through which with inexhaustible fecundity, she generates hosts of martyrs, virgins and confessors. But it cannot be laid to her charge if some members fall, weak or wounded. In their name she prays to God daily: “Forgive us our trespasses;” and with the brave heart of a mother she applies herself at once to the work of nursing them back to spiritual health. When, therefore, we call the Body of Jesus Christ “mystical,” the very meaning of the word conveys a solemn warning. It is a warning that echoes in these words of St. Leo: “Recognize, O Christian, your dignity, and being made a sharer of the divine nature go not back to your former worthlessness along the way of unseemly conduct. Keep in mind of what Head and of what Body you are a member.”

The encyclical Mystici Corporis Christi

Today in Catholic History – The Defeat of Kerbogha of Mosul

On 28 June 1098, the armies of the First Crusade defeated Kerbogha/Curbara of Mosul outside of the city of Antioch.

Kerbogha was one of the best Muslim generals and he led a force of 30,000 troops.

Kerbogha and his armies had hoped to lift the Crusader siege of Antioch but his force was weakened by dissention among his soldiers and the desertion of the Fatimid soldiers who feared that Kerbogha would become too powerful should he prove to be victorious.

According to a later legend, the Christian forces were able to obtain victory through the aid of St. George, St. Demetrius and St. Mercurius who fought the forces of the Turks with them.

With the defeat of Kerbogha, the Crusaders were able to obtain control over Antioch.

This is the account of the defeat of Kerbogha from the Gesta Francorum:

After Curbara saw the lines of the Franks, so beautifully formed, coming out one after the other, he said: “Let them come out, that we may the better have them in our power!” But after they were outside the city and Curbara saw the huge host of the Franks, he was greatly frightened. He straightway sent word to his Emir, who had everything in charge, that if he saw a light burn at the head of the army he should have the trumpets sounded for it to retreat, knowing that the Turks had lost the battle. Curbara began immediately to retreat little by little toward the mountain, and our men followed them little by little. At length the Turks divided; one party went toward the sea and the rest halted there, expecting to enclose our men between them. As our men saw this, they did likewise. There a seventh line was formed from the lines of Duke Godfrey and the Count of Normandy, and its head was Reinald. They sent this (line) to meet the Turks, who were coming from the sea. The Turks, however, engaged them in battle and by shooting killed many of our men. Other squadrons, moreover, were drawn out from the river to the mountain, which was about two miles distant. The squadrons began to go forth from both sides and to surround our men on all sides, hurling, shooting, and wounding them. There came out from the mountains, also, countless armies with white horses, whose standards were all white. And so, when our leaders saw this army, they were entirely ignorant as to what it was, and who they were, until they recognized the aid of Christ, whose leaders were St. George, Mercurius, and Demetrius. This is to be believed, for many of our men saw it. However, when the Turks who were stationed on the side toward the sea saw that that they could hold out no longer, they set fire to the grass, so that, upon seeing it, those who were in the tents might flee. The latter, recognizing that signal, seized all the precious spoils and fled. But our men fought yet a while where their (the Turks) greatest strength was, that is, in the region of their tents. Duke Godfrey, the Count of Flanders, and Hugh the Great rode near the water, where the enemy’s strength lay. These men, fortified by the sign of the cross, together attacked the enemy first. When the other lines saw this, they likewise attacked. The Turks and the Persians in their turn cried out. Thereupon, we invoked the Living and True God and charged against them, and in the name of Jesus Christ and of the Holy Sepulchre we began the battle, and, God helping, we overcame them. But the terrified Turks took to flight, and our men followed them to the tents. Thereupon, the knights of Christ chose rather to pursue them than to seek any spoils, and they pursued them even to the Iron Bridge, and then up to the fortress of Tancred.

Today in Catholic History – The End of the Cristero War

On 27 June 1929, the bells of the Catholic churches in Mexico rang for the first time in almost three years, marking the end of the Cristero War.

The Cristero War or Cristiada in Mexico lasted from 1926 to 1929, during which the Catholic population fought against the policies of religious persecution enforced by the anti-clerical Mexican government. These policies of religious persecution, included within the 1917 Mexican Constitution, confiscated the property of the Catholic Church and prohibited further acquisition of property, closed Catholic primary schools and caused some to prohibit even religious education in churches, banned religious orders and religious activity outside churches, required all religious activity be overseen by the government, limited the number of priests and deprived clergy of the right to vote or criticize the government. The Catholics opposed to the government considered themselves soldiers for Christ and so took the name Cristeros.

Opposition to the anti-Catholic policies began with the formations of various national organizations and then progressed to a decision by the bishops of Mexico to suspend all public worship in Mexico and to begin an economic boycott of the government. However, the resistance which until this time had been mostly non-violent became much stronger after the August 1926 siege of the Church of Our Lady of Guadalupe in Guadalajara which left many dead including the parish priest and his vicar. This would be followed by several armed uprisings throughout Mexico.

The Cristero War officially began on 1 January 1927 with the manifesto A la Nación (To the Nation). Which declared that the time of battle had begun and a rebellion exploded in the state of Jalisco. The Cristeros began capturing various towns and villages while shouting: ¡Viva Cristo Rey! ¡Viva la Virgen de Guadalupe! (“Long live Christ the King! Long live the Virgin of Guadalupe”).

With the assistance of the United States, a peace agreement was established on 21 June 1929 that allowed worship to resume in Mexico, permitted religious education in the churches and allowed clergy to petition for legal reform. Also the Catholic Church regained its property rights. With this agreement the Bishops called for an end to the rebellion and threatened rebels with excommunication. This, in turn, led the rebellion to die out.

At its end, almost 90,000 people had died during the rebellion. As of 2009, the anticlerical provisions of the Constitution remain although they are no longer enforced. Several of the Catholics killed during this period have been canonized, most famously is Miguel Pro, SJ.

For more on the Cristero War